Thursday, May 21, 2020

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold

Gold is an element that was known to ancient man and has always been prized for its color. It was used as jewelry in prehistoric times, alchemists spent their lives trying to transmute other metals into gold, and it is still one of the most prized metals.   Gold  Basics Atomic Number: 79Symbol: AuAtomic Weight: 196.9665Discovery: known since prehistoric timeElectron Configuration: [Xe]6s14f145d10Word Origin: Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold; meaning gold - also Latin aurum, shining dawnIsotopes: There are 36 known isotopes of gold ranging from Au-170 to Au-205. There is only one stable isotope of gold: Au-197. Gold-198, with a half-life of 2.7 days, has been used to treat cancer and other illnesses. Gold  Physical Data Density (g/cc): 19.3Melting Point ( °K): 1337.58Boiling Point ( °K): 3080Appearance: soft, malleable, yellow metalAtomic Radius (pm): 146Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 10.2Covalent Radius (pm): 134Ionic Radius: 85 (3e) 137 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.129Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.68Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): ~340Debye Temperature ( °K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 2.54First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 889.3Oxidation States: 3, 1. The oxidation states -1, 2 and 5 exist but are rare.Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.080Specific Gravity (20 °C): 18.88CAS Registry Number: 7440-57-5 Properties In mass, gold is a yellow-colored metal, although it may be black, ruby, or purple when finely divided. Gold is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is not affected by exposure to air or to most reagents. It is inert and a good reflector of infrared radiation. Gold is usually alloyed to increase its strength. Pure gold is measured in troy weight, but when gold is alloyed with other metals the term karat is used to express the amount of gold present. Common Uses for Gold Gold is used in coinage and is the standard for many monetary systems. It  is used for jewelry, dental work, plating, and reflectors. Chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) is used in photography for toning silver images. Disodium aurothiomalate, administered intramuscularly, is a treatment for arthritis. Where Gold Is Found   Gold is found as the free metal and in tellurides. It is widely distributed and almost always associated with pyrite or quartz. Gold is found in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold occurs in sea water in the amount of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location of the sample. Gold Trivia Gold is one of the few elements that can be found in its native state.Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. One ounce of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2 or stretched into a wire 2000 kilometers long (1 ÃŽ ¼m thick).The melting point of gold is an assigned value, which serves as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scale and International Practical Temperature Scale.The gold ion in the 1 oxidation state (Au(I)) is called the aurous ion.The gold ion in the 3 oxidation state (Au(III)3) is called the auric ion.Compounds containing gold in the -1 oxidation state are called aurides. (Cesium and rubidium can form auride compounds)Gold is one of the noble metals. Noble metal is an alchemical term for metals that do not corrode under normal conditions.Gold is the seventh most dense metal.Metallic gold has no odor or taste.Gold has been used as jewelry since prehistoric times. Today, gold in jewelry is not pure gold. Jewelry gold is made of many different gold alloys .Gold is resistant to most acids. The acid aqua regia is used to dissolve gold.Elemental gold metal is considered non-toxic and occasionally used as a food additive.Transmuting lead into gold was one of the major gold of the alchemists. Modern nuclear chemists have found methods to accomplish this historic task.​ References   Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Case Analysis on Prohibition - 1068 Words

Case Analysis on Prohibition The 18th Amendment, better known as The Volstead Act, which was the outlawing the selling and manufacturing of alcohol in the United States, was put into law in 1920. The groups who were pushing for this amendment for years on the grounds of religious and moral reasons were The Anti Saloon League and the Woman’s Temperance Union had their own agenda, but others also for it for growing resentment of new immigrants who were calling America home at that time. The white Protestants who for years were entrenched in the power structure of the country saw the immigrants as a threat to their way of life. The Irish Catholics and their large families were considered drunks and poor. The German people were looked at†¦show more content†¦People by nature want what they cannot have and the new law forbidding them from having something they all enjoyed and wanted would just be another form of control over them. The two groups who were at the forefront of the fight for prohibitio n were the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. These two groups fought at every level of society from pushing for taxes on brewers, to woman vandalizing bars in protest. These actions slowly gained steam until finally people were talking about their cause and politicians saw it as a way to get votes. With the world at war with Germany the Dry’s as they become known as, would push the bill for ratification in 1913. The reasoning for this big push to get it to congress was that German Americans owned most of the breweries and there was lots of anti Germans sentiments in America. The bill finally passed in 1917 and was ratified in 1919, and in January 1920 became law. Casey 3 Boyer pg 217. The feeling at first was nothing to worry about for the general public, people had stocked up on liquor before hand so to keep themselves happy also thinking it would not last, but when supplies ran out the people looked for it and a new era had began. Bootlegging was the term given to people who made or sold alcohol to the public, they would also smuggle it in from other countries like Canada, Cuba, and England. The liquor they did make was not the best quality, but nobody cared they just wanted to drink, ifShow MoreRelatedThe 18th Amendment And Prohibition711 Words   |  3 Pagesamendment. The 18th amendment, prohibition, may have seemed like a positive thing at the time, but it caused countless problems like increased crime rates, the court system and law enforcement became corrupted, and the making of homemade alcohol increased. Crime rates, especially in urban areas, rapidly increased once Prohibition began. Crime was already troublesome with gangs and such then, but with Prohibition crime became even worse, â€Å"during the first year of Prohibition the number of crimes committedRead MoreThe Inintended Consequences of Alcohol Prohibition in The Unite States in the 1920s1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe unintended consequences of alcohol prohibition in the United States in the 1920’s? In this investigation, the focus will be on the time frame 1920 to 1933, from when the 18th amendment was passed to when alcohol prohibition was repealed. The pros and cons of national prohibition of alcohol in the aspects of health, financial, and social results will be weighed. This will be done through the interpretation of statistics from before and after prohibition, insights of those who lived through theRead MoreAdvocating For The Legalization Of Marijuana Is Not A Novel1480 Words   |  6 Pagesefficiency are the two most important aspects of a policy that should be analyzed. If a policy improves both equality and efficiency, then it should be put into effect. Marijuana should be legalized because it improves equality by eliminating the prohibition laws that disproportionately incarcerate minorities, thereby negatively impacting their ability to succeed, and improves efficiency by lowering crime rates, making the workforce healthier and more productive. According to Okun, economic equalityRead MoreNational Prohibition Was Loved By Many And Hated By Others1035 Words   |  5 PagesNational Prohibition was loved by some and hated by others. According to Reverend Floyd W. Tomkins national Prohibition was a utilitarian necessity that America needed. Tomkins recognized the â€Å"menace of intoxicating drink to the peace and safety of a community.† His view was that the consumption of alcohol could not be done in moderation and could not be confined to dive establishments. Tomkins saw alcohol as an infections disease that infiltrated peoples family’s and homes which in turn ruinedRead MoreMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1306 Words   |  6 PagesCommission suggest that one of every six inmates in the federal prison system- roughly 15,000 people- has been incarcerated primarily for a marijuana offense.† The government could alleviate both the prison overcrowding and the monetary issues o f the prohibition of marijuana through one action. The United States government, in order to solve the marijuana problem, needs to completely legalize the drug and place similar regulations on marijuana as it does alcohol. It should not only be decriminalized;Read More Marijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1375 Words   |  6 PagesCommission suggest that one of every six inmates in the federal prison system- roughly 15,000 people- has been incarcerated primarily for a marijuana offense.† The government could alleviate both the prison overcrowding and the monetary issues of the prohibition of marijuana through one action. The United States government, in order to solve the marijuana problem, needs to completely legalize the drug and place similar regulations on marijuana as it does alcohol. It should not only be decriminalized;Read MoreInternet Gambling1505 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: CASE STUDY IV: INTERNET GAMBLING CASE STUDY IV: Internet Gambling May 6, 2006 This document will inform you about the history of internet gambling, the existing issues, and a number of concerns involved with online gambling. Prior to the launching of the World Wide Web in 1993 which changed the setting of gambling, people had to travel great distances to gamble. The world s first virtual online casino, Internet Casinos, Inc. (ICI) commenced operation on August 18, 1995Read MoreLaw Enforcement : The United States Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesprotect people from harming other people (Christ). This was the model that we based our western law enforcement agencies on, until prohibition became a federal task in the 1920’s. This is when the federal government decided to take up the task of protecting people from themselves. Fast forward to the 1960’s; President Richard Nixon took a step forward with prohibition by declaring a war on drugs. This perpetual war has consumed much of our country’s financial resources and profoundly affected ourRe ad MoreThe Drug Prohibition Of The United States Of America1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe cohorts of drug prohibition argue that the benefits of the prohibition are self-evident and undeniable. The basis of this assumption argument is that without prohibition the consumption of drug would skyrocket, and therefore, lead to disastrous outcomes. However, there is no evidence on the commonly held belief. The empirical evidence that exists does not support the notion of souring drug consumption. For instance, in the Netherland and Switzerland, where marijuana is legalized, the consumptionRead MoreOur Right to Drugs Essay example898 Words   |  4 Pages author of Our Right to Drugs, The Case for a Free Market, a counter-culture hippie. However, this analysis couldn’t be further from the truth. Szasz, a Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the State University of New York Health Science Center in Syracuse, is a major supporter of civil liberties. He sees the so-called War on Dru gs as one of the worst atrocities that the American Government has perpetrated on its people. Szasz contends that the prohibition of certain drugs, including common

Body Piercings Free Essays

Body piercing has increased over long terms of period of time and it becomes one of the trendiest and culture in today’s our life. This has attracted the most people who are interested about body piercing, and then they get attention especially from media when famous celebrities come up in advertisement with their body piercings and tattoos. However, there are various places that people do the body piercing such as tongues, noses, navels and even their genital, but this occurs lots of arguments that piercing makes in dangers or just showing as one of individuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Piercings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many piercers are re-representing the piercing as an option of styling or strong expressions about themselves, and having one of body piercing or tattoos are a means of personal empowerment for some Ger Xers who are typically searching for individualism and control of their lives. These arguments give strong opinions to person by person and it could spread out popular in very short time in publicity. However, following the articles by Lori Wilkerson he said that â€Å"it has existed in many cultures for hundreds of years in many historical countries and many historical reasons are generally about advertise wealthy and the power of men. Another argument in favor of piercing is there is man Griffhorn, 26, owner of Black Hole Professional Body Piercing shop in Reno, mentioned â€Å"Trend is the biggest reason and it ways to reclaim people after physical or sexual abuse†. On the other hand, opponents including many doctors point out that it refers to regarding the possible dangers such as oral piercings cause swollen tongues, excessive bleeding, and typical infections also swallowing of small parts of jewellery. Moreover, according to articles by Quint Miller(2000), there are common piercing problems appeared from people when they ripped their skin from the jewellery either catching on clothing or even being pulled off. It leads to get infections easily especially to get Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is an infection which is extremely dangerous than other problems because it can causes cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. For this reasons, some medical practitioners said that â€Å"many piercers are providing their services in unsafe environments such as no gloves or masks to remove their jewellery, no sterilization equipment and unsanitary surroundings†. Thus, with all arguments from advatanges and disadantages the first thing we must remember about to care and treats out skins when it gets infections even it is a way of expressions of individuality or favourite things to do. It is also good to know from behind old history why people did body piercings and tattoos, and how it continued to be exist until now. The reason because there are so many different characters of people gathering around and their passionative ideology makes small communities to one big society. How to cite Body Piercings, Papers